Swollen Arms Explained

What is arm oedema?

Arm oedema refers to swelling caused by excess fluid collecting in the soft tissues of the arm. It can affect the entire arm or be localised to the hand, elbow, or upper arm. Often, the skin looks puffy or stretched, and pressing the area may leave a small dent (known as pitting oedema).

Other common symptoms include:

• A feeling of heaviness or tightness
• Skin that appears shiny or discoloured
• Numbness or tingling
• Reduced movement in the joints

What Causes Arm Swelling?

Arm swelling may result from minor injuries or indicate a serious health condition. Some common causes include:

Minor or Temporary Causes:

• Injury or Trauma: Bruises, fractures, sprains, or overuse can trigger inflammation and swelling.
• Allergic Reactions: Bites, stings, or allergies can cause angioedema—swelling beneath the skin.
• Exercise or Heat: Temporary swelling due to increased blood flow (vasodilation) or salt retention.
• Pregnancy: Natural water retention may cause mild arm or hand swelling.

Systemic Medical Conditions:

• Heart Failure: When the heart can’t pump effectively, fluid builds up in extremities.
• Kidney or Liver Disease: These can impair fluid balance and cause swelling.
• Low Protein Levels (Hypoalbuminemia): Leads to fluid leaking into tissues.

Specific Conditions:

• Lymphedema: Caused by damage or blockage in the lymphatic system, often after cancer treatment.
• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot in the deep veins of the arm may cause sudden, painful swelling.
• Psoriatic Arthritis: Can lead to joint and soft tissue swelling in the hands and arms.

Medications That May Contribute:

• Certain blood pressure medicines
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Steroids and oral contraceptives

When to Seek Medical Attention

See a doctor if you notice:

• Sudden or unexplained swelling in one arm
• Severe pain or discolouration
• Fever or feeling shivery
• Swelling that does not improve after a few days
• Swelling in the presence of diabetes

Call emergency services (999 in the UK) if:

• You have chest pain, shortness of breath, or feel lightheaded
• You suspect a blood clot (especially if the arm is swollen, red, and painful)

What is Lymphedema?

Lymphedema is long-term swelling due to lymph fluid buildup. It often follows surgery or radiation for cancer (especially breast cancer) that damages lymph nodes.

Signs of lymphedema include:

• A heavy or tight feeling in the arm
• Skin thickening or tightness
• Reduced flexibility or range of motion
• Swelling that doesn’t improve with elevation

Unlike general oedema, lymphedema does not respond well to diuretics or elevation.

How is Arm Swelling Diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves:

• Medical History: Questions about onset, pain, injuries, medication, or recent surgery.
• Physical Examination: Checking for pitting, redness, skin changes, or temperature differences.

Tests May Include:

• Blood tests: Check for infection, kidney, liver, or thyroid issues.
• Ultrasound: To detect blood clots (DVT).
• MRI or CT Scan: For soft tissue evaluation or mass detection.
• Venography or Lymphoscintigraphy: Special imaging to assess veins or lymphatic flow.

Treatment Options for Arm Oedema

Home and Non-Surgical Treatments:

• Elevation: Raise the arm above heart level to reduce swelling.
• Compression: Use sleeves or bandages to support fluid drainage.
• Manual Lymphatic Drainage (MLD): A gentle massage technique that helps move fluid.
• Gentle Exercise: Encourages blood and lymph flow—walking, yoga, and swimming are helpful.
• Hydration and Diet: Drink water and reduce salt intake to prevent fluid retention.
• Skin Care: Keep the skin clean and moisturised to prevent infection.

Medical Treatments:

• Diuretics: Used in cases of heart or kidney-related fluid overload.
• Anticoagulants: Prescribed if a clot is present.
• Specialist Therapy for Lymphedema:
  • Complete Decongestive Therapy (CDT)
  • Pneumatic compression pumps
  • Surgical options for advanced cases

Clinical Pearls / Key Points

• Swelling in one arm can be a sign of a serious condition and should not be ignored.
• Early diagnosis is essential to prevent long-term complications.
• Lymphedema is a chronic condition that needs ongoing management.
• Self-care and lifestyle changes can significantly reduce swelling and improve comfort.

Patient FAQs

Is arm swelling dangerous?
Sometimes it’s harmless, but it may also signal serious problems like blood clots or infections. Always get medical advice if unsure.

Can I treat arm swelling at home?
Yes, mild cases often respond to rest, elevation, hydration, and compression. However, seek advice if it persists or worsens.

Can oral contraceptives cause arm swelling?
Yes. In rare cases, they can contribute to blood clots, which may cause swelling. Speak to your doctor about alternatives if you’re at risk.

Does lymphedema ever go away?
Lymphedema is usually a lifelong condition. While it can’t be cured, many treatments can control symptoms and improve quality of life.

Call-to-Action

If you are experiencing unexplained arm swelling or have concerns about lymphedema or blood clots, please consult a healthcare professional promptly.

For more information on managing upper limb conditions, visit www.TheArmDoc.co.uk.
To book a consultation, call 020 3384 5588 or email Info@TheArmDoc.co.uk.

Disclaimer

This leaflet provides general health information and is not a substitute for medical advice. Always consult your GP or specialist for personalised care.